Which model of addiction views it primarily as a result of personal choice?

The moral model of addiction is rooted in the belief that individuals have the ability to make personal choices regarding their behavior, including the choice to engage in substance use. This perspective emphasizes personal responsibility and suggests that addiction arises from moral failings or a lack of willpower. It often stigmatizes addiction by placing blame on the individual's character and choices rather than considering broader social, biological, or psychological factors.

In contrast, the disease model views addiction as a medical condition that affects brain functioning and is not solely determined by personal choice. The cultural model examines societal factors and norms influencing addiction, while the biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding addiction, moving away from viewing it as mere personal choice. Each of these models highlights different aspects of addiction, but the moral model distinctly emphasizes the role of choice and morality.